Which country is entirely surrounded by Italy apart from Vatican City?

San Marino sits on and around Monte Titano near the Adriatic coast, and it is a genuine curiosity of European history: a small mountain republic that simply never got absorbed. Tradition dates its founding to a stonemason fleeing persecution in the fourth century, and while that is legend, the community was governing itself under its own statutes by the Middle Ages. Its survival owed something to the defensive value of the mountain and a great deal to diplomacy, including a friendship treaty with the papacy and, crucially, a decision by Giuseppe Garibaldi to leave it alone after it had sheltered him, so Italian unification passed it by. It still elects two heads of state jointly for six-month terms, a system descended from medieval consular practice. Its territory is small enough that the three towers on the ridge above the capital are visible from much of the surrounding Romagna countryside.

San Marino's two captains regent serve simultaneously for half a year each, so no single person holds the office alone.