Which scientist proposed the three laws of motion?

Isaac Newton laid out the three laws in the Principia Mathematica of 1687, and they still underpin most everyday engineering. The first says an object keeps doing what it is doing, at rest or moving in a straight line, unless a force acts on it, which overturned the older idea that motion needs continual pushing. The second links force, mass and acceleration, so the same push moves a light object more than a heavy one. The third says forces come in pairs: push on a wall and the wall pushes back with equal strength in the opposite direction, which is how rockets and swimmers move at all. Newton combined these with his law of universal gravitation to explain both falling apples and planetary orbits with one set of rules, a unification that was the great achievement of the book. The laws remain accurate for ordinary speeds and masses, breaking down only near light speed or under extreme gravity.

Newton also invented calculus, independently of Leibniz, partly as a tool for the problems in the Principia.